Neural networks with learning and expression capability

ABSTRACT

A neural network comprising a plurality of neurons in which any one of the plurality of neurons is able to associate with itself or another neuron in the plurality of neurons via active connections to a further neuron in the pluarlity of neurons.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to neural networks and particularly, though notexclusively, to neural networks based on one or more characteristicsincluding temporal, spatial, intensity, magnitude, and relativeposition; and may be used for one or more of: learning, knowledgeacquisition, discovery, data mining and expression.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Existing neural networks are typically based on a single interpretationof Hebbian learning. This basic, Hebbian concept is often stated as“Neurons that fire together wire together”. The defacto interpretationis that wiring together is effected via the synapse that connects thetwo neurons together. The strength of the connecting synapse is modifiedor weighted to reflect the importance/probability of the presynapticneuron firing concurrently with the postsynaptic neuron, or vice versa.

Using the concept, neural networks have been developed that associate anumber of input neurons to a number of output neurons via synapses. Theinput neurons define the input states; and the output neurons define thedesired output states.

Thus nearly all existing neural networks are based on the concept ofthree layers: an input neuron layer, a hidden neuron layer, and anoutput neuron layer. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are illustrations of existingneural networks.

Training of such neural networks is accomplished, in its most basicform, by applying a specific input state to all the input neurons,selecting a specific output neuron to represent that input state, andadjusting the synaptic strengths or weights in the hidden layer. Thatis, training is conducted assuming knowledge of the desired output.After training has been completed, the application of different inputstates will result in different output neurons being activated withdifferent levels of confidence. Thus recognition of an input eventdepends on how close the original training states match the currentinput state.

Such neural networks typically require extensive, repetitive trainingwith hundreds or thousands of different input states, depending on thenumber of desired output neurons and the accuracy of the desired result.This results in practical networks of the order of only 10,000 input andoutput neurons with as many as 10 million interconnecting synapses orweights representing synapses (current existing neural networks are verysmall in size as compared to the capacity of the human brain which has10¹² neurons, and 10¹⁶ synaptic connections).

Furthermore, existing networks are trained on the basis of generatingpredefined output neurons, and can subsequently recognise inputs thatclosely resemble the training sets used for input. Existing neuralnetworks are not capable of independent learning as they are trainedusing prior assumptions—the desired goals are represented by the outputneurons. Existing neural networks are not capable of expressing orrecollecting an input state based on the stimulus of any output neuronin the output layer.

Existing neural networks are trained on the basis of applyingindependent input states, to the network, in which the order of trainingis typically insignificant. On completion of extensive, repetitivetraining, the output neurons are not significantly dependent on theorder in which input states are applied to the network. Existing neuralnetworks provide outputs that are based entirely on the current inputstate. The order in which input states are applied has no bearing on thenetwork's ability to recognise them.

-   -   Existing neural networks may have some or all of the following        shortcomings:    -   1. they require prior training, based on predetermined or        desired output goals—they do not learn;    -   2. they can only recognise input states (objects) similar to the        input states for which they have been trained;    -   3. they are highly computational, and therefore slow;    -   4. they are computationally restricted to represent only a        relatively small number of neurons;    -   6. they need retraining if they are to recognise different        objects;    -   7. they cannot express or recall an input object by applying a        stimulus to the output neurons;    -   8. they are based on concurrent stimuli of all input neurons;    -   9. they are not creative and they cannot express or recollect        events; they can only identify/recognise events for which they        have been trained;    -   10. they assume neurons that fire concurrently or in quick        succession, are linked synaptically but do not distinguish one        from the other or the order of neuron firing; and    -   11. each hidden layer neuron can receive inputs from multiple        input neurons concurrently.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a neural networkcomprising a plurality of neurons in which any one of the plurality ofneurons is able to associate or associate with itself or any otherneuron in the plurality of neurons via active connections to a furtherneuron in the plurality of neurons. This process is referred to aslearning.

In accordance with a second aspect there is provided a neural networkcomprising a plurality of elemental neurons, and a plurality ofstructural neurons for representing associations between any pair ofneurons, the pair of neurons being selected from the group consistingof: both elemental neurons, both structural neurons, one structural andone elemental neuron, and one elemental neuron and one structuralneuron.

Each structural neuron may represent the combined information or memoryrepresented by a pair of neurons. The process of recalling the pair ofneurons that were combined to form a structural neuron is referred to asexpression. Each structural neuron may receive input from only twoneurons.

The plurality of elemental neurons may be represented in the root levelof the neural network structure; and each elemental neuron may representat least one of: an elemental stimulus, a defined elemental pattern, anda defined elemental data element. Each elemental neuron may representone or both of: basic input stimuli and output stimuli of informationbeing processed. Each elemental neuron may be an equivalent of a neuronin a brain, the neuron in the brain being selected from the groupconsisting of a sensor neuron, a motor neuron, an Intracortical neuronand an intercortical neuron. The information represented by a neuron maybe memory, and the processing may be learning or expression.

The plurality of neuron associations may be represented in a pluralityof deeper neural levels. The number of levels in the plurality of deeperlevels may be determined by the extent of the memory or pattern to beprocessed or expressed, where a memory represents a plurality ofelemental neurons. The number of elemental neurons and structuralneurons required to represent the memory may be determined by the natureof the memory to be processed.

In accordance with a third aspect there is provided a neural networkcomprising a plurality of neurons linked by associations, allassociations of neurons in a level of the neural network that is thesame or deeper being able to be expressed.

A fourth aspect provides a neural network comprising a plurality ofneurons, each neuron being represented by a unique addressable node inan array.

A fifth aspect provides a neural network comprising a plurality ofneurons, each neuron being represented in its entirety by a single nodein an array.

A sixth aspect is a neural network comprising a plurality of nodes in anarray, each node in the array comprising pointers. Each pointer is adata element of the node that represents a unique address of a specificnode in the array, each address representing a neuron of a plurality ofneurons. Each pointer represents a synaptic connection.

A seventh aspect there is provided a neural network comprising aplurality of neurons in an array, there being pointers in each node ofthe array for providing expression and for learning of memories.

A penultimate aspect provides a neural network comprising a plurality ofneurons, each neuron being represented by a node in an array, each nodehaving a plurality of pointers, each pointer in each node having aspecific and unique function. Except where a pointer may represent thevalue of an elemental stimulus in the elemental or root level neurons,each pointer contains an address of another neuron. The number ofpointers required may depend on the functions being performed by theneural network. For a neural network performing learning and expressionfunctions, the number of pointers needed will be at least four.

In this manner each neuron in the plurality of neurons may berepresented by a node of the same size in the array representing theplurality of neurons, each node containing a fixed number of pointers.

Nodes in an array used to represent neurons may also maintain additionaldata elements other than pointers pertaining to the characteristics ofeach neuron. Data elements may be defined to represent the frequency ofeach neuron's activation, the strength of its associations, and soforth.

The present invention also extends to a computer usable mediumcomprising a computer program code configured to cause one or moreprocessors to execute one or more functions to perform the methodsdescribed above.

In a final aspect there is provided a neural network wherein the neuralnetwork is bi-directional and is enabled to operate in a forwarddirection where nodes are derived or created from input, and in areverse direction where Input is derived from nodes. The forwarddirection is learning and the reverse direction is expression.

The neural network may be used for one or more of: monitoring andpredicting stock price movements, Internet surveillance, Internetsecurity, computer virus and spam detection, data compression, phraserecognition in speech and text, clauses in speech and text, plagiarismdetection, bioinformatics, vision recognition, semantic analysis andrepresentation of ontologies, and robotics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the invention may be readily understood and put intopractical effect there shall now be described by way of non-limitativeexample only preferred embodiments of the present invention, thedescription being with reference to the accompanying illustrativedrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an existing neural network structure;

FIG. 2 is a further illustration of an existing neural networkstructure;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of an existing relationship between twoneurons and a synapse;

FIG. 4 is an illustration of the relationship between three neuronsaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of the process flow of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of the relationship between neurons andpointers/links;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a sequence of events to illustrateassociation;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart for the learning process;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart for the matching process;

FIG. 10 is a flow chart for creating neurons during the learningprocess; and

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of the process for expressing of neurons.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to a preferred aspect the present invention provides neuralnetworks, and a method for constructing such neural networks via neuronassociations, that are based on characteristics that Include at leastone of temporal, spatial, intensity, magnitude, and relative position,for the formation of memories, that consist of one or both of eitherinput stimuli (represented by elemental neurons) or output actions(represented by elemental neurons) in a natural manner.

It also provides for either or both of memory recollection and memoryexpression of one or more of the memories represented by structuralneurons, which represent multiple elemental stimuli. The neural networkallows for the potential expression of new actions or ideas other thanwhat It has learnt and in such a manner may exhibit creativity. Inputstimuli may include one or more of: audio, visual, tactile, and soforth. Output stimuli may include one or more of: movement, motion,speech, and so forth, each defined by appropriate elemental neurons.

Existing neural networks are based on the assumption that concurrentlyactivating two neurons (neurons B and C) creates an active synapticconnection between them, or strengthens existing synaptic connections.This is illustrated in FIG. 3 where there are two neurons and onesynapse.

Accordingly to one aspect of the present invention, stimulating oractivating two neurons creates an association between them via anotherthird neuron; the associating neuron. This is illustrated in FIG. 4where there are three neurons 41, 42 and 43 and two synapses 44 and 45.For convenience, this basic neural structure will be called a “neuronalassembly” throughout this specification. Neurons 41, 42 and 43 may beassociated together based on proximal characteristics, Including atleast one of temporal, spatial, intensity, magnitude and relativeposition. Neuron 43 will be at a deeper level within the neuralstructure than both of neurons 41, 42. Neurons 41,42 may be in the samelevel, or may be in different levels of the neural structure. The depthor level of a neuron in a neural network structure is based on thenumber of steps required to express the elemental neurons that itrepresents.

The neural structure comprises neurons, where each neuron represents amemory of data, events, objects, concepts or actions. The type ofinformation represented by each neuron can vary, and is dependent on theelemental neurons (representing sensor and/or motor neuron stimuli) fromwhich the neural network is constructed. Elemental stimuli are onlyrepresented in the elemental neurons maintained at the root levels ofevery neural network structure. Deeper or subsequent level neurons(structural neurons) only represent the association of other neurons anddo not in themselves store sensor, motor or elemental stimulus values.

Each neuron in the neural structure may represent the association ofonly two neurons, one an initiating neuron and the other an associatedneuron, although each neuron may participate as an initiating neuronand/or as an associated neuron in an unlimited number of associations,via associating neurons. An initiating neuron 41 can have any number ofsuccessor neurons such as neuron 43, where a successor neuron to neuron41 is a associating neuron (43) that has neuron 41 as its initiatingneuron. Another neuron 42 can have any number of precessor neurons,where a precessor neuron to neuron 42 is a associating neuron (43) thathas neuron 42 as its associated neuron. Thus, neuron 43 can be referredto as an associating neuron, or a successor neuron to neuron 41, or as aprecessor neuron to neuron 42.

The association is by one of the elemental neurons 41, 42 being aninitiating neuron and one is an associated neuron. Assuming neuron 41 isthe initiating neuron and thus neuron 42 is the associated neuron, whenneuron 41 Is activated or fires associating neuron 43 is potentiated. Atthe same time as, or subsequent to neuron 41 firing neuron 42 isactivated or fires and also potentiates associating neuron 43. Neuron 43is then considered activated. If the associating neuron 43 was nonexistent (that is there existed no neuron associating the initiatingneuron 41 and the associated neuron 42) then it is created and may bethen activated, otherwise it is only activated. The proximal activationor firing of neurons 41 and 42 causes the activation of associatingneuron 43, and the creation of active connections, or the strengtheningof existing synaptic connections, between neurons 41 and 43 and neurons42 and 43. The associating neuron 43 represents the sum of what islearnt from the other two neurons 41, 42. This sum may include one ormore of a memory trace, a combination of the experience of the two, asequence of events, a proximity of events and so forth. Once aassociating neuron is activated or created to represent a desired memoryor events, the desired memory or events need not be recreated in anotherneuron.

The definition of proximity or proximal activation or firing will be setby the rules of operation for each neural network. Proximity (“ΔP”) mayvary across a level, and across levels, and may vary according to thetype of elemental neuron being represented. Neurons at deeper levelswithin the neural network are less likely to be in close proximity, thusit is likely that ΔP will increase. If ΔP represents time or temporalevents ΔP may be as short as zero, milliseconds or seconds, or as longas minutes, hours, days or weeks. Events that occur simultaneously inthe real world may still be represented temporally based on differencesIn synaptic activation or firing times or the length of dendritic firingpaths. It may also vary according to the processing requirements of thememories or events being represented by the neural structure. ΔP mayalso represent spatial relations between objects or events and can alsorepresent the topological spatial relationships of neurons in the brain.

A neural network according to the present invention consists of twobasic elements:

1. Elemental neurons, which can represent elemental stimuli, sensor ormotor neurons or such elemental data as required or desired. These arethe elemental or root neurons from which a neural network isconstructed. Different types of elemental neurons may be defineddepending on the type of experience or events or information beingrepresented. For example if representing the auditory cortex theelemental neurons would be for representing distinct sounds. Elementalneurons may incorporate a number of different types of elemental neuronssuch as, for example, one set for representing sound energy or intensityof the sound (volume), and another set for representing the frequency ofthe sound.

If representing smell and taste there may be a set of elemental neuronsfor taste and another set for olfactory sensing.

In vision there may be sets of elemental neurons to represent the colourcones, rods, edges, contrast, movement, and so forth, as represented bythe ganglion cells, or specifically to represent the photoreceptorneurons.

For skin receptors there may be elemental neurons corresponding totouch—mechanoreceptor neurons; temperature—thermo receptor neurons;pain—nociceptor neurons; and so forth. Motion can be represented by thevarious types of motor neurons that induce movement.

When a sensory neuron is activated or fires, it communicates todifferent areas of the brain via synapses or nerve cells that a certainform of energy from a specific cell or sensory organ at a specificlocation has been received. All sensory neurons have similar centralprocessing mechanisms. When a motor neuron is activated or fired in thebrain it induces muscle contraction at a specific location in the bodythus producing movement. When a sensory neuron detects an event itpasses the data to the brain where it is processed in the brain's neuralstructure.

Artificial elemental neurons may also be defined. For example, if usingthe neural structure to process English text, a set of elemental neuronsmay be defined to represent the alphabetic characters and punctuationcharacters. For the Chinese language, elemental neurons could be definedfor each Chinese character, or a subset thereof. If using the neuralstructure to process protein sequences, the elemental neurons may bedefined to represent the twenty amino acids, or subsets thereof. Forspeech, different motor neurons may be defined to produce differentmuscular contractions resulting in the production of soundscorresponding to phonemes, and so forth.

Elemental neurons can be initiating and associated neurons but cannot bea associating neuron.

2. Structural neurons representing the neural structure. The neuralstructure as illustrated in FIG. 4 consists of neurons that representthe association of other neurons, whether they are sensor neurons, motorneurons, or other structural neurons. In this manner neural structurescan grow, representing more and more information.

Structural neurons can also be used to form associations betweenstructural neurons representing different sets of elemental neurons. Forexample, an association may be formed between the English word “ball”represented by an association of alphabetic elemental neurons, with theshape “ball” represented by an association of visual elemental neurons.In this manner it is possible to build neural networks which allow theassociation of information across different cortexes or across differentneural networks. Another association between the shape “ball” may existwith the spoken word “ball” represented by an association of motorneurons to enable phoneme neurons to produce the sound “ball”.

Structural neurons are associated with each other on the basis ofcharacteristics including temporal, spatial, intensity, magnitude andrelative position. If representing speech with the neural structure, theassociations would be of a temporal nature, representing the sequence ofphonemes, words, phrases, clauses, and so forth, used in expressingspeech. Likewise, if processing text or reading a book the processing ofindividual characters would be of a temporal nature building up thewords, phrases, clauses, and so forth. Many neurons in the brain arealso organised spatially or topographically, such as those for vision,hearing, touch, pain, and so forth. As such it is possible to constructneural structures that represent spatial characteristics. For example,in forming a neural structure representing a visual scene, neuronsrepresenting edges or lines or curves or objects or patterns may beassociated into a neural structure that associates elemental neuronsrepresenting pixels into lines or curves based on proximity, nearobjects with far objects, or high objects with low objects, thusbuilding a three dimensional map of the environment.

The same neural structure can be used to represent information in any ofthe four dimensions defined by space and time.

As above, the shape “ball”—represented by a spatial neural structure—maybe associated with the spoken word “ball” represented by a temporalneural structure.

A structural neuron is a associating neuron. It can also be one or bothof an initiating neuron and an associated neuron.

The combination of elemental neurons at the root levels of associationwithin the neural structure allows for the creation of structuralneurons that represent particular elemental features or characteristicswithin a cortex (neuronal assemblies). The neural structure allows forthe representation of feature combinations by dynamic association withinthe neural structure. Neural activity in the neocortex that is evoked bysensory neurons is always distributed in the brain to different areas.In sensory systems, different areas of the brain can process differentaspects (spatial/temporal/intensity/magnitude/relative position) of thesame input stimuli. The proposed neural structure allows for intra-arealneural associations in order to represent coherent concepts/percepts andbehaviour. Deeper levels of association within the neural structure(intra cortico-cortical associations) allows for the representation ofincreasingly complex information or behaviour.

Neurons may be organised, classified or named according to theirfunctions, characteristics, levels, nature, and so forth. Neurons mayalso be defined for a particular dimension. That dimension may be time,distance, space, length, height, pitch, amplitude, or any otherdefinable characteristic.

Within its particular dimension, any two neurons may be differentiatedaccording to their relative or related occurrence, position, scale ormagnitude. This relative positioning is represented by ΔP.

The basic underlying parameter for constructing a neural network is thatfor any two active neurons A related to B by relative position thereexists a third neuron C that has connections via synapses to bothneurons A and B. If such a neuron doesn't exist then it is possible tocreate such a neuron and its connections. Therefore neuron C associatesneurons A and B together maintaining their relative positions. A and Bmay be, but do not have to be, contiguous or consecutive within theirrelative positions. Therefore neuron C can associate any two neurons Aand B which represent events whether the events are concurrent,contiguous, consecutive, non-contiguous, non-consecutive or overlapping.

The logic of the association is that for any two active neurons A and Bthat are activated or fire, one of them will be an initiating neuron.The third neuron C will associate the initiating neuron with the secondneuron preserving their order of activation or firing. As such, neuron Crepresents the combined events of the initiating neural event followedby the second neural event. This new neuron C can subsequentlyparticipate in combining with other neurons (thus creating newassociations), and so forth.

The basic rule for creating new neurons is that if neuron A is activatedor fired, concurrent with or followed by neuron B being activated orfired, then a new neuron C can be constructed and possibly activated orfired, representing the association of neurons A and B (i.e. theassociation of events AB in time or space). If neuron C already existsdue to a prior event or association then neuron C can likewise bere-activated and fired, allowing it to participate in subsequentexisting or new activations, thereby allowing it to form newassociations. This allows for the construction of neural networks withan unlimited numbers of associations and/or relationships.

A flowchart representing the basic flow for creating a new neuralnetwork is shown in FIG. 5. This preferred example shows the processingsteps and application of the model for processing a simple sequence ofelemental events.

In FIG. 5, the neural network or array representing the neural networkis initialized at 50. At 51 the type or category of each elementalneuron is defined and may be related to, for example, text, visionpitch, colour, edge, sound, volume, taste, olfactory sensing, colourcones, rods, pain, contrast, movement, muscular movement, ganglioncells, photoreceptors, touch, mechanoreceptors, temperature,thermo-receptor, nociceptor, motion, language, characters, letters,words, and so forth.

The elemental neurons are then defined/programmed/input at 52. Thequestion is then asked: does the elemental neuron already exist? (53).For each unique value to be represented for each defined type of definedelemental neuron, all elemental neurons must be created, and areattached as a list of successor neurons to the root neuron, the rootneuron being represented by node zero in the array representing theneural network. If the answer to the query is no, a new elemental neuronis created (54) and the process returns to (52). If yes, the processcontinues to 55. Here, the rules to associate neurons is defined.Alternatively, new elemental neurons may be defined as and when theyoccur during the learning process.

The first, or next initiating, neuron Is then found (56). This isdesignated neuron A. The subsequent neuron (neuron B) is then found(57). If an association of neuron A and neuron B already exists (58),the process reverts back to 56. If not, a neuron C is created asrepresenting the association or combination of neuron A and neuron B(59) and the process reverts back to 56. Neuron C can be referred to inthis process as the associating neuron.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart providing more detail of steps 56 to 59 of FIG.5. Here, neural processing or learning is of an experience representedby a pattern or sequence of elemental neuron events.

In step 81, the event pointer is set to the first elemental event in theevent pattern or sequence. A matching neuron is found in step 82. Thematching neuron is a neuron (memory) in the neural network that matchesthe leading event or events in the pattern or sequence of events pointedto by the event pointer. This matching neuron is defined as theinitiating neuron (neuron A). The event pointer is then updatedaccording to the defined rules for the neural network to point to thenext event.

Another matching neuron is then found in step 83. Again, this neuron(memory) is for the event or events in the pattern or sequence of eventspointed to by the event pointer. This another matching neuron is definedas the associated neuron (neuron B). The event pointer is then updatedaccording to the defined rules for the neural network to point to thenext event. In this manner new associating neurons or associations arealways created, subject to any rules to the contrary. Generally theneuron C could not have previously existed, otherwise it would have beenmatched at step 82.

Having completed the processing of a single pass, the same data or eventsequence may be processed again if so desired, extending the neuralnetwork structure accordingly.

A further neuron that has not been used is then found in step 84. Thisis created as the associating neuron (neuron C) in step 85. The processof steps 82 to 85 are repeated in 86 until there are no more events inthe pattern or sequence of events being processed.

FIG. 9 provides more detail of the process steps 82 and 83 of FIG. 8—thefinding of a matching neuron.

In step 91 the matching neuron pointer is set to zero by pointing to theroot neuron. For each successor neuron of the matching neuron (step 91),a check is conducted to determine if the complete expression of thesuccessor neuron matches the subsequent event or events or sequence inthe pattern or sequence of events being processed. If it does, theprocess moves to step 93 where the pointer for the matching neuron isset to point to the successor neuron that matches the event pattern orsequence. In addition, the event pointer may be adjusted to point to theremainder of the pattern or sequence of events that, as yet, have notbeen matched. The process then reverts to step 92 and continues. If theresult of step 92 is that it doesn't match, in step 94 the matchingneuron pointer is returned pointing to the last matching neuron, and theprocess ends in step 95.

FIG. 10 illustrates in more detail the process of step 85 in FIG. 8—thecreation of a associating neuron. In step 101, the initiating pointer ofthe associating neuron is set to the point to the initiating neuron, andin step 102 the associated neuron pointer of the associating neuron isset to the associated neuron. As the associating neuron has no successorneurons (having been just activated or created), its successor neuronpointer is set to zero (step 103). The next neuron pointer of theassociating neuron is then set to be equal to the successor neuronpointer of the initiating neuron. Finally, in step 105, the successorpointer of the initiating neuron is set to point to the associatingneuron and thus the associating neuron becomes the first entry in thelist of successor neurons to the initiating neuron.

A group of elemental neurons representing a common characteristic may beorganised into a cortex. Thus, it is possible to have a visual cortexcontaining groups of neurons which relate to a first visualcharacteristic (for example, a group of neurons for colour); a secondgroup for second visual characteristic (for example, shape); a thirdgroup for a third visual characteristic (for example, size), and soforth. Structural neurons from one neural network, representing distinctpatterns or events, can be elemental neurons in another neural network.Multiple cortexes, possibly represented by multiple neural networks (andthe neurons within them), may be interlinked and related to form anintegrated ‘brain’ which can provide not only an integrated learningenvironment, but also the potential for intelligent behaviour.

Traditional neural networks are typically unidirectional. This meansthat, given a certain input the output can be derived. However, theycannot work in the reverse direction. That is, given the output, it isnot possible to derive the input.

The present invention provides for the capability for ‘expression’,whereby the sequence of events that leads to the construction of anyneuron can be expressed. The importance of expression is that it allowsa complete sequence of events to be represented by a single neuron, andthat sequence can be reproduced by activating that single neuron and, inturn, the neurons that represent the association that is the initiatingneuron and the associated neuron in the same relative position or orderin which they were created, and so forth. In this manner it is possiblefor a single neuron representing a complete experience or memory(sequence of events) to be expressed, recalling the experience.

The expression ability is implemented by way of the initiating pointerand the associated pointer for each neuron in the neural structure.

Expression is illustrated in FIG. 11. When expression is required, thefirst check in step 111 is to determine if the initiating pointer of theneuron to be expressed is equal to zero. If yes, it must be an elementalneuron and the process reverts to step 114 where expression isactivation of the element event or value stored in the associated neuronto represent the elemental neuron. If the value is not zero, step 112 isstarted. In step 112 is expression of the neuron pointed to by theinitiating neuron pointer of the neuron to be expressed. In step 113 isexpression of the neuron pointed to by the associated neuron pointer ofthe neuron to be expressed. This continues until all elemental neuronsrepresenting the memory have been expressed.

Each neuron in the network has an address to identify its locationwithin an addressable array of nodes where each node represents a singleneuron. All neuron pointers refer to an address of a node representing asingle neuron in the array of neurons. The bit size of the address orpointer will influence the maximum number of neurons possible to berepresented in the array representing the neural network. For example:using a pointer address size of 32 bits will allow the construction ofneural networks consisting of 2³² or 4,294,967,296 neurons.

Each neuron is represented by a single fixed length node in aconventional array or structure. The number of neurons that may bestored in an array will be dependent on the total memory storageavailable (internal and/or external), and on the pointer addressarchitecture:

-   -   (a) a 16 bit pointer address architecture will allow for up to        2¹⁶ neurons. This is 6.4×10³ neurons;    -   (b) a 32 bit pointer address architecture will allow for up to        2³² neurons. This is 4.1×10⁹ neurons;    -   (c) a 48 bit pointer address architecture will allow for up to        2⁴⁸ neurons. This is 2.7×10¹⁴ neurons; and    -   (d) a 64 bit pointer address architecture will allow for up to        2⁶⁴ neurons. This is 1.8×10¹⁹ neurons.

As the human brain has approximately 10¹² neurons, it may be possiblematch the capacity of a hundred human brains using a 48 bit pointeraddress architecture. Based on the latest computers that support 64 bitaddressing, it may be possible to have the capacity to represent neuralstructures consisting of 10¹⁹ neurons, the equivalent size of 10 millionhuman brains wired together.

To represent the neural network, a node will consist of a minimum offour pointers. Each pointer contains an address to another neuron. Asexplained above, using an address size of 32 bits will allow theconstruction of neural networks consisting of up to 2³² or 4 billion,neurons.

As shown In FIG. 6, each neuron may be represented by fourpointers/links (P₁, P₂, P₃ and P₄), in the most basic implementation.Each pointer is a link to the address or location of another neuron.Typically, a neuron will have four pointers, the minimum needed tocreate an intelligent neural network with expression capabilities.However, a neuron may have more than four pointers, to provideadditional functionality. For example in creating neuron C to representthe association of an initiating neuron A and an associated neuron B,the following pointers are required for neuron C:

-   -   P1—a pointer to the initiating neuron, i.e. neuron A;    -   P2—a pointer to the other neuron that participates in forming        the association, i.e. neuron B;    -   P3—a pointer to a list (LsC) of deeper level neurons that has        neuron C as an initiating neuron (a successor pointer for neuron        C); and    -   P4—a pointer to the next neuron,(LA) that has neuron A as its        initiating neuron (a ‘next successor’ pointer for neuron A).

Additional pointers can also be defined for neuron C if necessary toprovide information on the precessors to the associated neuron. Forexample:

-   -   P5—a pointer to a list (LpC) of deeper level neurons that has        neuron C as an associated neuron (a precessor pointer); and    -   P6—a pointer to the next neuron in a list (LB) that has neuron B        as its associated neuron (a ‘next precessor’ pointer).

Deeper level neurons may represent complex sequences of events. Sinceeach structural neuron has at least one initiating neuron, and oneassociated neuron, a single neuron at level 10 may represent a sequenceof up to 2¹⁰ or 1,024 elemental events. It is not a necessary conditionthat neurons can only associate with neurons of the same level.

Thus, in storing new sequences of events it is only necessary toidentify those existing neurons which represent existing event sequencesin the event stream and associate these together by constructing newneurons, e.g. if we have two event sequences of say 1,024 events and 512events, respectively, it is possible to construct a single, new neuronto represent an event sequence of 1,536 events. Thus new sequence/eventinformation can be economically represented in the neural network.

This is illustrated in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is an illustration of a possibleneural network derived from processing text and learning, for thesentence; “The cat sat on the mat.” An arrowed line indicates theconnection between an initiating neuron and a associating neuron, and acircled line indicates a connection between the associated neuron andthe associating neuron.

In FIG. 7(a), the first elemental neuron 701 and the second elementalneuron 702 in level zero recognise or represent the letters “T” and “H”and associate to form the letter combination “TH” represented by theassociating neuron 711 in level 1.

FIG. 7(b) shows the third elemental neuron 703 recognising the letter“E” and the fourth elemental neuron 704 recognising the space “ˆ”. Thesetwo associate together to form the combination “Eˆ” represented byassociating neuron 712 in level 1. The structural neurons 711 and 712 inlevel 1 associate to form the distinct word “THEˆ”0 represented by theassociating neuron 721.

In FIG. 7(c), (d) and (e), the next two elemental neurons In levelzero—705 and 706 —recognise the letters “C” and “A” respectively, andassociate to form the letter combination “CA” represented by associatingneuron 713 in level 1.

For the letters “T” and “ˆ”, neuron 701 associates with neuron 704 tocreate a associating neuron 714 in level 1 representing the combination“Tˆ”. Neurons 714 and 713 then associate to create a associating neuron722 in level 2 thus forming the distinct word “CATˆ” (FIG. 7(e)).Neurons 721 and 722 can then associate to give a result at theassociating neuron 731 in level 3 to form the phrase “THEˆ CATˆ” (FIGS.7(f) and 7(g)).

For the word “SATˆ”, as is shown in FIG. 7(h), neuron 707 recognises theletter “S” and associates with neuron 706 to give a result atassociating neuron 715 in level 1 for the letter combination “SA”.Neuron 715 associates with neuron 714 in level 1 (“Tˆ”) to give a resultat associating neuron 723 in level 2 for the distinct word “SATˆ”.

In FIGS. 7(i) and 7(j), neurons 708 and 709 recognise the letters “O”and “N” respectively and associate to form the letter combination (andword) “ON” represented by associating neuron 716 in level 1. Neuron 716associates with neuron 704 to give a result at associating neuron 724 inlevel 2 for the distinct word “ONˆ”. Neuron 723 in level 2 associateswith neuron 724 to give a result at associating neuron 732 in level 3for the clause “SATˆON”. Neurons 731 and 732 in level 3 may associate togive a result at neuron 741 in level 4 for the clause “THEˆCATˆSATˆONˆ”.

FIGS. 7(k) and (l) Illustrate neuron 7010 recognising the letter “M” andassociating with neuron 706 to give a result at neuron 717 in level 1for the letter combination “MA”. Neuron 717 associates with neuron 712(“Tˆ”) to give a result at neuron 725 for the distinct word “MATˆ”.Neuron 721 associates with neuron 725 (“THEˆ”) to give a result atneuron 733 for the phrase “THEˆMATˆ”.

Neurons 741 and 733 can associate to give a result at neuron 751 inlevel 5 for the sentence “THEˆCATˆSATˆONˆTHEˆMAT”. It is clear that eachassociating neuron has at most one initiating neuron and one associatedneuron. However, neurons can have multiple successor and precessorneurons. For example elemental neuron 701 “T” has successor neuronsrepresenting “TH” (711) and representing “Tˆ”(714). Elemental neuron 706“A” has three precessor neurons representing “CA”(713), “SA” (715) and“MA”(717).

To extend the sentence illustrated in FIG. 7(m) where the neuron 7011 inlevel 0 recognises the letter “D”. Neuron 7011 associates with neuron704 to give a result at neuron 719 for the combination “Dˆ”. Neuron 706associates with neuron 709 to give a result at neuron 720 for thecombination “AN”. Neuron 720 associates with neuron 719 to give a resultat neuron 726 for the combination “ANDˆ”. Neuron 733 associates withneuron 726 to give a result at neuron 742 for the combination“THEˆMATˆANDˆ”. Neurons 741 and 742 may the associate to give a resultat neuron 752 for the combination to represent the phrase“THEˆCATˆSATˆONˆTHEˆMATˆANDˆ”

In FIG. 7(n) it shows that in level 0 each elemental neuron representsonly 1 letter/character. Each neuron in level 1 represents anassociation of 2 letters/characters; in level 2 each neuron mayrepresents an association of up to 4 letters/characters; in level 3 upto 8 letters characters; up to 16 letters/characters in level 4; up to32 letters/characters in level 5; and so forth in multiples of 2 untileach neuron in level 10 could represent the association of up to 1,024letters/characters; and each neuron in level 20 could represent theassociation of up to 1,048,576 elemental events.

As can be seen, for text recognition the number of elemental neuronsrequired is quite limited. One elemental neuron would be required foreach of:

-   -   1. the 26 letters of the alphabet upper case;    -   2. the 26 letters of the alphabet lower case;    -   3. the 10 numbers;    -   4. the 32 punctuation and similar characters on the standard        alphanumeric keyboard;    -   5. any other special characters (e.g. from the Greek alphabet)        that may be required.

The number of structural neurons required and the number of levels ofstructured neurons required can grow in consequence of use of the neuralnetwork, during the learning process. Using the example of textrecognition, the number of documents concerned, the size of the learningevent(s) concerned, the use of language in the documents, and themaximum possible number of words, phrases, clauses, sentences,paragraphs, chapters, books, and so forth will impact the size of theresulting neural network structure. By way of example, if all the playsof William Shakespeare were recorded using the present invention in textrecognition, after the first play was recorded there would be a certainnumber of structural neurons “N1”. When the second play was recorded,within the same neural network, the total neurons required would not bethe simple arithmetic sum of those required for the independentprocessing of each of the plays. Only the extra neurons required toprocess the second play above and beyond those created for the firstplay would be added to N1 to give the enlarged total N2. Neurons for anypreviously existing letters, words, phrases, clauses, sentences (and soforth) would not be added, but their new associations would be added.Upon the third play being recorded, the extra neurons required would beadded in the same way to give N3.

By the time the final play was entered, the increase in the number ofneurons required would not be great. The main increase would be atdeeper levels in the neuron structure where new associations would beadded. The deepest level could be a single neuron having allassociations required to represent in their entirety all the plays.

As each neuron in each level can associate with any other neuron in anylevel to give a result at a third neuron, the number of potentialpermutations and combinations available is very large.

From a consideration of FIG. 7, there are different combinations thatmay be used to provide the result at neuron 751“THEˆCATˆSATˆONˆTHEˆMAT”. For example, in level 1 as illustrated thefollowing combinations are recorded:

-   -   “TH”, “Eˆ”, “CA”, “Tˆ”, “SA”, “ON”, and “MA”.

Other combinations are possible. For example:

-   -   “TH”, “HE”, “Eˆ”, “CA”, “AT”, “Tˆ”, “ON”, “Nˆ”, and “MA”.

This can be followed by a further range of possible combinations inlevel 2. By adopting rules pertinent to a desired objective for usingthe neural network, to reduce or eliminate combinations, efficiency maybe enhanced.

If a level 10 neuron is considered, it is capable of representing asequence of up to 1,024 elementary events. The first element can beexpressed by following the pointers up to the elemental or root level.This allows a relatively speedy expression.

Elemental neurons may be frequently activated both for learning andduring expression. In a pure binary implementation two elemental neuronsor root level neurons can be expressed or associated by a single level 1neuron. Two level 1 neurons may be expressed or associated by a level 2neuron and so forth. If a sequence of 1,024 elemental events isactivated and learnt/expressed by the network then the following numberof neurons at each level may be processed: 1,024 level 0 512 level 1 256level 2 128 level 3 64 level 4 32 level 5 16 level 6 8 level 7 4 level 82 level 9 1 level 10representing the entire sequence of elementary events.

If the basic time between neurons firing was 1 millisecond, at the rootlevel, a level 10 neuron would only activated or fired once every 1024milliseconds or once a second. Thus if the array representing the neuralstructure is represented as a combination of distinct memoryblocks/areas, deeper level neurons could be stored in slowerstorage/memory area without impacting the performance of learning andexpression.

In the preferred neural network structure, elemental neurons have astheir initiating neuron the root neuron for the neural networkstructure. This allows an unlimited number of elemental neurons to becreated on the fly, rather than having to predefine elemental neurons.Alternatively, elemental neurons can be allocated a predetermined neuralstorage/memory area in the structure, and each elemental neuron can thenbe directly addressed (e.g. for ASCII text characters 8 bits), 256elemental neuron addresses can be pre-allocated (0 to 255) and theaddress of the first structural neuron will be at address 256.

In the preferred mode, new elemental neurons can be added at anytime,anywhere in the neural structure, providing for complete flexibility.When using a predefined area for the elemental neurons, processing maybe faster as there is no need to search a list of successors attached tothe root neuron.

Elemental neurons may be represented with their initiating neuronpointer set to zero—pointing to the root neuron (whether it exists ornot), and their associated neuron pointer set to the value of theelemental event to be represented by that elemental neuron. A elementalneuron can always be determined or identified easily as its initiatingneuron value is always zero. Therefore, when expressing neurons it iseasy to determine when we have reached an elemental neuron because theinitiating neuron value is zero, pointing to the root neuron.Alternative methods may be used to define elemental neurons, withoutimpacting the essence of the neural network presented.

In the preferred mode, new successor neurons to an Initiating neuron aresimply added to the front of the list. Therefore, they are attacheddirectly to the initiating neuron. In this way recent memory traces arereadily expressed.

However, various options are available to maintain lists of successorneurons. The neural structure allows this feature to be used in anymanner the user chooses in order to provide added functionality to theneural network structure. For example, new associating neurons could beadded to the end of the list, or the list could be maintained innumerical order, alphabetical order, and so forth. Likewise, neuronswhich are frequently accessed could be moved towards the front of thelist, or at the front of the list, such that more recently activatedmemories are always more accessible. This also means that older memoriesare at the end of the list and less likely to experience expression.

In this manner the order of the list can be used to represent therelative synaptic strengths or activation levels of the successorneurons to an initiating neuron without having to use weights torepresent the strength of synaptic connections, if so desired.

The memory represented by any neuron can be expressed by simplyexpressing the neurons represented by the initiating neuron pointer andthen the expressing the neuron represented by the associated neuronpointer. If the initiating pointer is zero, it is possible to expressthe elemental value of the elemental neuron. Otherwise, the process canbe repeated for the initiating pointer—express its initiating neuronpointer and its associated neuron pointer, and so forth. Thus, anyneuron can be fully expressed by expressing its parts in order.

It is possible to create neural network structures representingknowledge learnt For example, if the following sentences of text areinputs:

-   -   LUCYˆISˆCRYINGˆUNDERˆTHEˆTABLEˆ.    -   JOHNˆISˆPLAYINGˆINˆTHEˆPARKˆ.    -   PETERˆISˆREADINGˆINˆTHEˆCHAIRˆ.    -   MARYˆISˆSLEEPINGˆUNDERˆTHEˆTREEˆ.    -   JOHNˆISˆRUNNINGˆINˆTHEˆRACEˆ.    -   PETERˆISˆPLAYINGˆONˆTHEˆSWINGˆ.    -   MARYˆISˆTALKINGˆONˆTHEˆPHONEˆ,        it is possible to create neurons that represent the following        phrases or memories:    -   IS CRYING    -   IS RUNNING    -   IS READING    -   IS SLEEPING    -   IS PLAYING    -   IS TALKING

In this case “ISˆ” has six successor neurons.

Similarly it is possible to create the following phrases or memories:

-   -   UNDER THE TABLE    -   UNDER THE TREE    -   IN THE PARK    -   IN THE CHAIR    -   IN THE RACE    -   ON THE SWING    -   ON THE PHONE

Thus LUCY is associated with IS CRYING, but IS is associated with sixdifferent actions. By changing the expression of alternative successorneurons for IS, it is possible to express up to six differentphrases/clauses:

-   -   LUCY IS CRYING    -   LUCY IS RUNNING    -   LUCY IS READING    -   LUCY IS SLEEPING    -   LUCY IS PLAYING    -   LUCY IS TALKING

Although only the first phrase was ever learnt, or input to the neuralnetwork, it is possible to do the same for JOHN, PETER and MARY.

Effectively it is possible to generate new expressions based on thestructure **IS and IS**. That is: LUCY IS IS CRYING JOHN IS IS RUNNINGMARY IS IS READING LUCY IS IS SLEEPING PETER IS IS PLAYING IS TALKING

Therefore, it is possible to create or express 30 (5×6) phrases/clausesthat are all syntactically correct, and are also all semanticallycorrect. Similarly: ON THE THE TABLE IN THE THE PARK UNDER THE THE CHAIRTHE TREE THE RACE THE SWING THE PHONEwhich provides for the possibility of generating 21 phrases/clauses ofthis nature (3×7) which are all syntactically correct, but not allsemantically correct.

Combining the two sets together gives the structure:

-   -   {*}IS{*}(*)THE{*}.

This provides for the expression of {5}IS{6}* {3}THE{7}, or 5×6×3×7=630possible expressions, having learnt only seven input sentences. Thus theneural model allows the learning and building a neural structure ofmemories, and also allows the combining of those neurons or memoriesinto new expressions or behaviour, according to user defined processes.The brain can explore new concepts or suggestions that are syntacticallypossible with what has previously been learnt. With millions of neurons,it is possible to express billions of syntactically correct sentences.That is, the neural network structure provides an ideal method forcreative expression.

By use of a neural network described above, it is possible to have asystem that:

is able to learn;

has expression capabilities;

stores associations rather than data;

has an efficient usage of computer memory and storage space; and

is computationally efficient.

Thus the network is able to recognise patterns within patterns ofassociations. As such it may be of use in varying industries such as,for example, monitoring and predicting stock price movements, internetsurveillance, security, computer virus detection, phrases in speech andtext, clauses in speech and text, plagiarism detection, datacompression, and so forth.

The neural network structure and processes described above may beimplemented in software or hardware. If in hardware, they may be part ofa chip, all of a dedicated chip, or an array of chips, all beingelemental and or structural neurons. Elemental and structural neuronsmay be in part of the chip, or may be in a memory array of dedicatedneurons. As all neurons exist, upon the first pass of data the firstelemental neuron will learn the first element of the data. For example,the upper case letter “T” in the example used in FIG. 7. The nextelemental neuron would learn the next element of the data. Again usingthe example of FIG. 7, the lower case letter “h”. And so forth. As theelemental neurons and those in the lower levels of the neural networkwill be activated more frequently to create the associations in thedeeper levels, they may require faster processor speeds, for bestperformance. Neurons at deeper levels will be activated less frequentlyand therefore could be stored in storage with slower processor speeds.

Therefore, there is provided a neural network based on the concepts ofneurons including sensor and motor neurons, and synaptic connections.Each neuron in the brain can be represented by a single node in an arrayor memory in a simple manner. Neurons are fixed-length nodes in an arrayor memory. Each synaptic connection can be represented by pointers toother neurons within each node. Neural nodes in the array may consistsolely and exclusively of pointers to other neurons in the data array.However, motor or sensor neurons contain a sensor value or motor valuefor interacting with the external environment. Each neuron containsconnections to other neurons. If desired, neurons may also maintainother information such as, for example, the frequency of activationduring learning, the number successor neurons, the number of precessorneurons, and so forth, to assist processing and to be used in the rulesfor creating associations, and for expression.

Elemental neurons, corresponding to sensory or motor neurons can bedefined for interfacing to and interacting with external input devicesor external output devices

The neural network can be represented and built/constructed based on theneurons and synaptic associations, with appropriate rules for creatingthe neural structure and traversing the neural connections. The networklearns by creating associations between neurons. For any neuron, itsrepresentation can be recalled and expressed, and exploration ofmultiple associations and permutations of its associations, with otherneurons can be recalled or expressed. Neurons can represent memories,where a memory is defined as the expression of a neuron.

Interfacing with or learning or processing an experience of externalsensory neuron events and creating memories of input experiences isrepresented by neurons and by new connections between neurons.

Interfacing with or learning or representing an activity of externalmotor neuron events and creating memories of output actions isrepresented by new neurons and by new connections between neurons.

The neural network can learn, it can express or recall or recollectmemories, it can interact or express itself with the externalenvironment, and has the ability to think (a process defined asexploring alternative neuron associations as described above) and toexpress itself creatively.

The present invention also extends to a computer usable mediumcomprising a computer program code or specially built digital processorchips customised to cause one or more processors to execute one or morefunctions to perform the methods described above.

Whilst there has been described in the foregoing description preferredembodiments of the present invention, it will be understood by thoseskilled in the technology that many variations or modifications isdetails of design, construction or operation may be made withoutdeparting from the present invention.

1. A neural network comprising a plurality of neurons, the plurality ofneurons comprising a plurality of elemental neurons and a plurality ofstructural neurons; all elemental and structural neurons being able tobe associated via active connections; all elemental neurons being ableto express their elemental values, and all structural neurons being ableto express a pair of neurons with which they associate.
 2. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 1, wherein any one of the plurality ofneurons is able to associate or link with itself or another neuron inthe plurality of neurons via active connections to a further neuron inthe plurality of neurons, the further neuron being in a deeper levelthan both the neuron and the another neuron.
 3. A neural network asclaimed in claim 2, wherein the neuron and the another neuron are in alevel selected from the group consisting of: the same, and different. 4.A neural network as claimed in claim 1, wherein each elemental neuron isable to be used for both input and output of an elemental value.
 5. Aneural network as claimed in claim 1, wherein each structural neuronrepresents the combined information or memory represented by a pair ofneurons, the structural neuron receiving input from the pair of neurons;and each elemental neuron represents at least one selected from thegroup consisting of: an elemental stimulus, a defined elemental pattern,a defined elemental data element, a basic input stimulus, and an outputstimuli of information being processed.
 6. A neural network as claimedin claim 1, wherein associations are at least one selected from thegroup consisting of: an elemental neuron with an elemental neuron, anelemental neuron with a structural neuron, a structural neuron with anelemental neuron, a structural neuron with a structural neuron.
 7. Aneural network as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the plurality ofneurons is one or more selected from the group consisting of: initiatingneuron, associated neuron, and associating neuron.
 8. A neural networkas claimed in claim 7, wherein an initiating neuron is associated withan associated neuron via active connections to the associating neuron.9. A neural network as claimed in claim 8, wherein the initiatingneuron, the associated neuron and the associating neuron are connectedbased on proximal characteristics, the proximal characteristics being atleast one of: temporal, spatial, intensity, magnitude and relativeposition.
 10. A neural network as claimed in claim 1, wherein structuralneurons represent at least one of information and memory; and processingis at least one of: creating structural neurons, and expressing the pairof neurons with which a structural neuron associates.
 11. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 1, wherein a level of the neural network isa deeper level within the neural network structure if, duringexpression, more steps are required to express the elemental neuronsthat it represents.
 12. A neural network as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe one of the plurality of neurons is an initiating neuron, the anotherof the plurality of neurons is an associated neuron, and the furtherneuron is a associating neuron; the structure being such that when theinitiating neuron-is activated or fired, the associating neuron ispotentiated; and when the associated neuron is activated or fired, theassociating neuron is further potentiated and thus activated and is ableto fire.
 13. A neural network as claimed in claim 12, wherein theassociated neuron is activated or fired at the same time as theinitiating neuron.
 14. A neural network as claimed in claim 12, whereinthe associated neuron is activated or fired after the initiating neuron,with respect to the associating neuron.
 15. A neural network as claimedin claim 12, wherein the activation or firing of the initiating neuronand the associated neuron is based on proximal characteristics.
 16. Aneural network as claimed in claim 15, wherein the proximal activationor firing of the initiating neuron and the associated neuron causes thecreation of new synaptic connections, or the strengthening of existingsynaptic connections, between the initiating neuron and the associatingneuron and between the associated neuron and the associating neuron. 17.A neural network as claimed in claim 12, wherein the associating neuronrepresents the sum of what is learnt from the initiating neuron and theassociated neuron; the sum including one or more selected from the groupconsisting of: a memory trace, a combination of the experience of theinitiating neuron and the associated neuron, a memory, and a sequence ofevents.
 18. A neural network as claimed in claim 1, wherein allelemental neurons are represented in a root level of the neural network.19. A neural network as claimed in claim 12, wherein once theassociating neuron is activated to represent a desired result, thedesired result need not be recreated in another neuron.
 20. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 10, wherein creating a structural neuron islearning, and expressing the pair of neurons is expression.
 21. A neuralnetwork comprising a plurality of elemental neurons, and a plurality ofstructural neurons for representing associations between any pair ofneurons, the pair of neurons being selected from the group consistingof: both elemental neurons, both structural neurons, one structural andone elemental neuron, and one elemental neuron and one structuralneuron.
 22. A neural network as claimed in claim 21, wherein theplurality of elemental neurons are represented in a root level of theneural network, and each elemental neuron represents at least one of: anelemental stimulus, a defined pattern and a defined data element; eachelemental stimulus being for representing at least one of: a basic inputstimuli and an output stimuli of information being processed.
 23. Aneural network as claimed in claim 21, wherein each elemental neuron isselected from the group consisting of: a sensor neuron and a motorneuron.
 24. A neural network as claimed in claim 22, wherein theinformation being processed is memory.
 25. A neural network as claimedin claim 22, wherein the processing is at least one of: learning andexpression.
 26. A neural network as claimed in claim 21, wherein theplurality of neuron associations are represented in a plurality ofdeeper neural levels.
 27. A neural network as claimed in claim 26,wherein the number of levels in the plurality of deeper levels isdetermined by the extent of the memory or pattern to be processed orexpressed, where memory represents a plurality of elemental neurons. 28.A neural network as claimed in claim 27, wherein the number of elementalneurons and structural neurons required to represent the memory isdetermined by a nature of the memory to be processed.
 29. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 21, wherein any one of the plurality ofstructural neurons is able to associate with another structural neuronin the plurality of neurons via active connections to a furtherstructural neuron in the plurality of structural neurons.
 30. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 29, where the further structural neuron isin a deeper level than both the structural neuron and the anotherstructural neuron.
 31. A neural network comprising a plurality ofneurons linked by associations, all of the plurality of neurons beingable to be expressed in terms of at least one elemental neuron fromwhich they were derived or represent.
 32. A neural network as claimed inclaim 31, wherein the plurality of neurons comprises a plurality ofelemental neurons and a plurality of structural neurons; all elementalneurons being able to express their elemental values, and all structuralneurons being able to express a pair of neurons with which theyassociate.
 33. A neural network comprising plurality of neurons, each ofthe plurality of neurons being represented by a unique addressable nodein an array, each of the plurality of neurons being linked byassociations, and all of the plurality of neurons are able to beexpressed.
 34. A neural network as claimed in claim 33, wherein theplurality of neurons comprises a plurality of elemental neurons and aplurality of structural neurons; all elemental neurons being able toexpress their elemental values, and all structural neurons are able toexpress a pair of neurons with which they associate.
 35. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 33, where each neuron is represented in itsentirety by a single node in the array.
 36. A neural network comprisinga plurality of nodes in an array, each node comprising at least onepointer, each pointer being a data element of the node; each dataelement representing a unique address of a specific node in the array,and each address represents a neuron of a plurality of neurons; and eachof the plurality of neurons is linked by associations, all neurons beingable to be expressed.
 37. A neural network as claimed in claim 36,wherein the plurality of neurons includes a plurality of elementalneurons and a plurality of structural neurons; all elemental neuronsbeing able to express their elemental values, and all structural neuronsbeing able to express a pair of neurons with which they associate.
 38. Aneural network as claimed in claim 36, wherein each of the plurality ofneurons is represented by an addressable node in an array.
 39. A neuralnetwork comprising a plurality of neurons, each neuron being stored as aunique node of an addressable array, and each address of each node inthe array uniquely represents that neuron.
 40. A neural networkcomprising a plurality of neurons represented by an array, every neuronin the array having pointers for providing expression, each neuron beingrepresented by a node in the array, each node having a plurality ofpointers.
 41. A neural network as claimed in claim 40, wherein eachpointer in each node contains at least one of: an address of anotherneuron, and an elemental value for an elemental neuron.
 42. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 40, wherein each pointer has a specific andunique function and represents a synaptic connection.
 43. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 41, wherein the plurality of neuronsincludes a plurality of elemental neurons and a plurality of structuralneurons; all elemental neurons being able to express their elementalvalues, and all structural neurons being able to express a pair ofneurons with which they associate.
 44. A neural network as claimed inclaim 43, wherein except where the pointer represents the value of anelemental stimulus in the elemental neurons, each pointer containing anaddress of another neuron.
 45. A neural network as claimed in claim 40,wherein the number of pointers depends on a function being performed bythe neural network.
 46. A neural network as claimed in claim 40, whereinthe number of pointers for each neuron is at least two.
 47. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 40, wherein a function of each pointer to aneuron is selected from the group consisting of: initiating,associating, successor, next successor of the initiating neuron,precessor, and next precessor of the associating neuron.
 48. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 43, wherein each pointer for an elementalneuron represents elemental values.
 49. A neural network as claimed inclaim 1, wherein all neurons are of a fixed length.
 50. A neuronalassembly for use in a neural network, the neuronal assembly comprisingan initiating neuron, an associated neuron, and a associating neuronoperatively connected to the initiating neuron and the associatedneuron.
 51. A neural assembly as claimed in claim 50, wherein when theinitiating neuron is activated or fired, the associating neuron ispotentiated; and when the associated neuron is activated or fires, theassociating neuron is potentiated and activated and able to fire.
 52. Aneural assembly as claimed in claim 51, wherein the associated neuron isfired at the same time as the initiating neuron.
 53. A neural assemblyas claimed in claim 51, wherein the associated neuron is fired after theinitiating neuron.
 54. A neural assembly as claimed in claim 50, whereinthe activation or firing of the initiating neuron and the associatedneuron is based on proximal characteristics.
 55. A neural assembly asclaimed in claim 54, wherein the proximal activation or firing of theinitiating neuron and the associated neuron causes the creation of newsynaptic connections, or the strengthening of existing synapticconnections, between the initiating neuron and the associating neuronand between the associated neuron and the associating neuron.
 56. Aneural assembly as claimed in claim 50, wherein the associating neuronrepresents the sum of what is learnt from the initiating neuron and theassociated neuron.
 57. A neural assembly as claimed in claim 56, whereinthe sum includes one or more selected from the group consisting of: amemory trace, a combination of the experience of the initiating neuronand the associated neuron, a memory, and a sequence of events.
 58. Aneural assembly as claimed in claim 50, wherein once the associatingneuron is activated to represent a desired result, the desired resultneed not be recreated in another neuron.
 59. A method for creating anassociation of neurons in a neural network, the neural network having aplurality of neurons, one of the plurality of neurons being aninitiating neuron, another of the plurality of neurons being anassociated neuron, and a further neuron of the plurality of neuronsbeing a associating neuron; the method comprising: (a) activating orfiring the initiating neuron to potentiate the associating neuron; and(b) activating or firing the associated neuron to potentiate andactivate the associating neuron, the associating neuron then beingactivated and able to fire.
 60. A method as claimed in claim 59, whereinthe associated neuron is activated or fired at the same time as theinitiating neuron.
 61. A method as claimed in claim 59, wherein theassociated neuron is activated or fired after the initiating neuron. 62.A method as claimed in claim 59, wherein the activation or firing of theinitiating neuron and the activation or firing of the associated neuronis based on proximal characteristics.
 63. A method as claimed in claim62, wherein the proximal activation or firing of the initiating neuronand the associated neuron causes the creation of new synapticconnections, or the strengthening of existing synaptic connections,between the initiating neuron and the associating neuron and between theassociated neuron and the associating neuron.
 64. A method as claimed inclaim 59, wherein the associating neuron represents the sum of what islearnt from the initiating neuron and the associated neuron.
 65. Amethod as claimed in claim 64, wherein the sum includes one or moreselected from the group consisting of: a memory trace, a combination ofthe experience of the initiating neuron and the associated neuron, amemory, and a sequence of events.
 66. A method as claimed in claim 59,wherein once the associating neuron is activated to represent a desiredresult, the desired result need not be recreated in another neuron. 67.A method of operating a neural network having a plurality of neuronsincluding a plurality of elemental neurons and a plurality of structuralneurons, the method comprising: (a) defining events the elementalneurons and structural neurons will represent; (b) creating a requirednumber of elemental neurons for the total number of unique values to berepresented for all defined events; and (c) creating a set of rules forassociation of the plurality of neurons.
 68. A method as claimed inclaim 67, wherein any one of the plurality of neurons is able toassociate with another neuron in the plurality of neurons via activeconnections to a further neuron in the plurality of neurons.
 69. Amethod as claimed in claim 68, where the further neuron is in a deeperlevel than both the neuron and the another neuron.
 70. A method asclaimed in claim 68, wherein the neuron and the another neuron are inthe same level.
 71. A method as claimed in claim 68, wherein the neuronand the another neuron are on different levels.
 72. A method as claimedin claim 67, wherein all elemental neurons are able to express theirelemental values, and all structural neurons are able to express a pairof neurons with which they associate.
 73. A method as claimed in claim72, wherein associations are one or more selected from the groupconsisting of: an elemental neuron with an elemental neuron, anelemental neuron with a structural neuron, a structural neuron with anelemental neuron, a structural neuron with a structural neuron.
 74. Amethod as claimed in claim 67, wherein each of the plurality of neuronsis one or more selected from the group consisting of: initiating neuron,associating neuron, and associating neuron.
 75. A method as claimed inclaim 74, wherein an initiating neuron is associated with an associatedneuron via active connections to the associating neuron.
 76. A method asclaimed in claim 75, wherein the initiating neuron, the associatedneuron and the associating neuron are connected based on proximalcharacteristics.
 77. A method as claimed in claim 76, wherein theproximal characteristics are at least one of: temporal, spatial,intensity, magnitude and relative position.
 78. A method as claimed inclaim 69, wherein a level of the neural network is a deeper level withinthe neural network structure if, during recollection, more steps arerequired to express the elemental neurons.
 79. A method as claimed inclaim 74, further comprising: (a) activating or firing the initiatingneuron potentiates the associating neuron; and (b) activating or firingthe associated neuron potentiates and activates the associating neuron,the associating neuron then being activated and able to fire.
 80. Amethod as claimed in claim 79, wherein the associated neuron isactivated or fired at the same time as the initiating neuron.
 81. Amethod as claimed in claim 79, wherein the associated neuron isactivated or fired after the initiating neuron.
 82. A method as claimedin claim 79, wherein the activation or firing of the initiating neuronand the activation or firing of the associated neuron is based onproximal characteristics.
 83. A method as claimed in claim 82, whereinthe proximal activation or firing of the initiating neuron and theassociated neuron causes the creation of new synaptic connections, orthe strengthening of existing synaptic connections, between theinitiating neuron and the associating neuron and between the associatedneuron and the associating neuron.
 84. A method as claimed in claim 79,wherein the associating neuron represents the sum of what is learnt fromthe initiating neuron and the associated neuron.
 85. A method as claimedin claim 84, wherein the sum includes one or more selected from thegroup consisting of: a memory trace, a combination of the experience ofthe initiating neuron and the associated neuron, a memory, and asequence of events.
 86. A method as claimed in claim 69, wherein theplurality of elemental neurons are represented in a root level of theneural network, and each elemental neuron responds to an elementalstimulus or pattern, each elemental stimulus being for representing oneof: a basic input stimuli and an output stimuli of information beingprocessed.
 87. A method as claimed in claim 86, wherein the informationis memory.
 88. A method as claimed in claim 86, wherein the processingis expression.
 89. A method as claimed in claim 86, wherein theplurality of structural neurons are represented in a plurality of deeperneural levels.
 90. A method as claimed in claim 89, wherein the numberof levels in the plurality of deeper levels is determined by the extentof the memory or pattern to be processed or expressed, where a memoryrepresents a plurality of elemental stimuli, and each elemental stimulusis represented directly by an elemental neuron.
 91. A method as claimedin claim 90, wherein the number of elemental neurons required torepresent the memory is determined by a nature of the memory to beprocessed.
 92. A method as claimed in claim 67, wherein each neuron isrepresented in its entirety by a single node in an array.
 93. A methodas claimed in claim 67, wherein each of the plurality of neurons is inan array, the array having pointers for providing expression
 94. Amethod as claimed in claim 93, wherein each neuron is represented by anode in the array, each node having a plurality of pointers, eachpointer in each node containing an exclusive address of another neuron.95. A method as claimed in claim 67, wherein all neurons are of a fixedlength.
 96. A computer usable medium comprising a computer program codeconfigured to cause one or more processors to execute one or morefunctions to perform the method claimed in claim
 67. 97. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 1, wherein the neural network isbi-directional.
 98. A neural network wherein the neural network isbi-directional and is enabled to operate in a forward mode wherestructural neurons are derived from input events, and in a reverse modewhere input events are derived from structural neurons.
 99. A neuralnetwork as claimed in claim 98, wherein the forward mode is learning,and the reverse direction is expression.
 100. A neural network asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the neural network stores associations andnot data.
 101. A neural network as claimed in claim 100, wherein theneural network recognises patterns within patterns of associations. 102.A neural network as claimed in claim 100, wherein the neural network isused for one or more of: monitoring and predicting stock pricemovements, Internet surveillance, Internet security, computer virusdetection, computer spam detection, phrases in speech and text, clausesin speech and text, plagiarism detection, bioinformatics, visionrecognition, semantic analysis, representation of data ontologies,robotics, and data compression.